Funny you should ask this now, as we are in the midst of implementing something for v19 (SE2014) that is very similar to this. It's not 100% the same as Eclipse's "perspectives", but it will allow you to switch between a stock set of tool window layouts (or your modified version of the stock layouts).
We have not yet fully defined the behavior for switching layouts during a debug session, and if in fact a debug session will simply be one of the stock layouts that you can modify and switch in/out at will.
Another similar feature coming soon is layout preferences for floating document groups, which is an enhancement to the multiple top-level document tab groups we introduced in the SE2013 version. With this feature you'll be able to define if you want any of the standard tool windows (like Defs, Open, References, Preview, etc) to be created and docked when you create a new floating document group.