_postbuild_ callbacks are triggered specifically by a signal sent from vsbuild to slickedit via socket. In theory, it should be possible to shell out vsbuild and use the -execute option to pass in a command for vsbuild to execute. You would need to ensure that SlickEdit was listening for the signal (done in _vsbuild_signal_init()) and you would need to include the -signal switch to vsbuild to pass in the listening socket port number. Of course, all _postbuild_ callbacks get called, there is no way to just call any specific one.
If your build is an external script or executable, you should be able to just set your Build command to that, or create a new Build tool in Project Properties. In most cases, it should by default use vsbuild to shell out your build command. That way you get the error markers triggered without any extra hassle. There are some cases where vsbuild is explicitly not used to do the builds, but it can be passed generic command-line to be processed. It should be possible to do what you want.